Doola and LegalZoom both form US LLCs, but they target fundamentally different operator profiles in 2026. Doola is the focused non-US founder platform built specifically for international entrepreneurs who need US business formation without a Social Security Number, an ITIN, or a US address. The platform bundles formation, EIN registration without SSN, registered agent, US business address, Mercury banking introduction, and (on Total Compliance) Form 5472 filing into annual subscriptions starting at $297 per year plus state fees. LegalZoom is the established legal services brand built around US small businesses needing broad legal infrastructure: LLC formation, trademark registration, attorney consultation, contract review, estate planning, and ongoing business legal support. LegalZoom is a publicly traded company (NASDAQ: LZ) with a market cap of approximately $1.8 billion and 25+ years of operating history since 1999.
LegalZoom is the better choice for US-based founders who specifically value 25+ year brand recognition combined with broad legal services beyond LLC formation. For most non-US founders forming US LLCs, Doola is the cleaner fit because LegalZoom does not specialize in the non-SSN EIN process, does not bundle Mercury banking introduction, does not provide US business address service in its formation packages, and does not file Form 5472 for foreign-owned LLCs. This comparison breaks down where each platform genuinely wins, where the marketing claims do not match reality, and which operator profile gets more value from each. For the broader context on how LLC formation fits into ecommerce operations, my Ecommerce Paradise coverage and the complete business formation checklist cover when LLC structure choices matter for high-ticket dropshipping.
My 2026 Pick For Non-US Founders Building US Ecommerce Operations: Doola
Focused non-US founder platform starting at $297/year + state fees with EIN registration without SSN, Mercury banking introduction, US business address, and Form 5472 filing on Total Compliance. Purpose-built for international entrepreneurs.
The Core Difference In Approach
LegalZoom is built around broad US legal services for small businesses with US founders. The platform serves US-based entrepreneurs with LLC formation, trademark registration, patent filing, attorney consultation, contract review, estate planning, wills, business compliance, and ongoing legal support. According to recent independent NerdWallet LegalZoom analysis, the platform’s main clientele is small businesses without in-house legal departments or lawyers who want access to legal services across multiple categories under one platform. The LLC formation product is one of dozens of legal services LegalZoom offers, not the platform’s exclusive focus.
Doola is built around non-US founder specialization. The platform serves international entrepreneurs who need a US LLC or C-Corp specifically to access US payment platforms (Stripe, PayPal), US merchant accounts, US ad platforms, and US-only business infrastructure. According to my complete Doola review, the platform handles the fax-based IRS process for EIN issuance without SSN directly, which removes the most significant friction point for international founders.
For US-based founders who specifically need broad legal services beyond LLC formation (trademark filings, attorney consultation, estate planning), LegalZoom’s breadth is genuinely valuable. For non-US founders who need focused US business infrastructure with bundled international features, Doola’s specialization fits the operator profile better than LegalZoom’s broad legal platform.
Doola vs LegalZoom At A Glance
| Feature | Doola | LegalZoom |
|---|---|---|
| LLC Formation Price | $297/year (Starter, all-in) | $0 Basic + state fees (upsells push real cost to $249-$299) |
| Pricing Model | Annual subscription | One-time formation + separate registered agent renewals |
| EIN Registration Without SSN | Specialized fax-based IRS process included | Not specialized for non-SSN founders |
| US Business Address | Included in Starter | Not included in formation packages |
| Mercury Banking Introduction | Included in Starter | Not offered |
| Form 5472 Filing | Included on Total Compliance ($1,999/year) | Not offered |
| Registered Agent | Included in all plans | $249/year separately |
| Operating Agreement | Included in Starter | Included in Pro ($249) and Premium ($299), not Basic |
| Attorney Consultation | Not offered | Included on Premium tier and Business Attorney plan |
| Trademark Registration | Not offered | $899 + federal fees |
| Patent and Copyright | Not offered | Available as separate services |
| Estate Planning and Wills | Not offered | Available ($99-$249) |
| Brand Track Record | 5 years (founded 2020) | 25+ years (founded 1999) |
| Public Company Status | Private | Public (NASDAQ: LZ), $1.8B market cap |
| Best For | Non-US founders forming US LLCs | US founders needing broad legal services |
Where Doola Wins For Non-US Founders
1. Specialized EIN Process Without SSN
This is genuinely Doola’s strongest capability versus LegalZoom. According to official IRS documentation on Foreign Entities, the IRS requires non-US founders without SSN or ITIN to write “Foreign” or “N/A” on Form SS-4 EIN applications and submit via fax, mail, or phone (not the online EIN application system, which is restricted to entities with a US principal office and US SSN/ITIN). The fax-based process can take 8 to 12 weeks if you handle it yourself without familiarity with the IRS workflow.
Doola handles this fax-based IRS process directly using Form SS-4. The platform’s in-house team has run this process thousands of times and handles it efficiently as part of the $297 Starter subscription. LegalZoom does not specialize in this workflow. While LegalZoom can technically file EIN applications for non-US founders, the platform is built around US-based founders with SSNs using the online IRS system, which is dramatically simpler than the fax-based process.
For non-US founders specifically, this single feature is the most meaningful structural advantage Doola has versus LegalZoom. The EIN-without-SSN workflow is the friction point that historically led international founders to pay lawyers $2,000 to $5,000 for US business formation. Doola compresses this into the subscription product.
2. Mercury Banking Introduction
Doola includes Mercury banking introduction as part of the Starter plan. Mercury is one of the few US banks that opens accounts for non-resident founders, and Doola’s partnership simplifies the introduction process and improves approval rates compared to applying directly without the Doola relationship. The approval is not guaranteed, but the introduction is meaningful.
LegalZoom does not offer banking introduction in its LLC formation packages. International founders using LegalZoom would need to handle US banking separately, which typically requires either physically traveling to the US to visit a bank branch in person, finding a separate fintech banking platform that accepts non-resident founders, or going through lawyer-mediated introductions. None of these alternatives are bundled into LegalZoom’s pricing.
3. US Business Address Included
Doola Starter includes a real physical US business address with mail forwarding as part of the $297 annual subscription. For non-US founders, this single feature removes the requirement to find a separate US address service or rent a coworking address. According to recent independent Doola analysis, comparable mailing address services from other providers typically cost approximately $350 per year as a standalone service.
LegalZoom does not bundle a US business address into its formation packages. Non-US founders using LegalZoom would need to purchase virtual address services separately from providers like Earth Class Mail, Anytime Mailbox, or PostScanMail, adding $99 to $350 per year to total cost. The unbundled approach is appropriate for US-based founders who already have a US address but inconvenient for non-US founders who specifically need this service.
4. Form 5472 Filing On Total Compliance
Form 5472 is mandatory for every foreign-owned single-member LLC, and the IRS penalty for not filing is $25,000 per violation. Doola’s Total Compliance plan at $1,999 per year includes Form 5472 filing as part of the annual tax filing service. The in-house CPA team specializes in international tax filings for non-US founders.
LegalZoom does not offer Form 5472 filing as part of any standard plan. The platform’s Business Attorney plan provides attorney consultation, but the actual Form 5472 filing would need to be handled separately through a CPA familiar with international tax. For non-US founders who need this compliance handled within the formation platform, Doola is the only major US LLC formation service with Form 5472 as a bundled feature.
5. Transparent All-In Pricing Versus LegalZoom Upsells
According to community discussion on LegalZoom checkout flow, the platform advertises $0 LLC formation but pushes users through multiple upsell pages that end up costing $249 to $299 for the actual formation package most operators need. The free Basic plan covers only Articles of Organization filing without EIN registration, Operating Agreement, or other essentials.
Doola’s $297 Starter is upfront all-in pricing for formation, EIN, registered agent, virtual address, Operating Agreement, BOI filing, and compliance alerts. According to recent independent StartupOwl analysis, Doola does not push aggressive upsells during checkout. The pricing transparency at signup is meaningfully cleaner than LegalZoom’s $0-advertised-then-upsell model that many users find frustrating.
6. Registered Agent Included In Subscription
Doola includes registered agent service in the $297 Starter plan. The registered agent fee does not appear separately on the bill.
LegalZoom charges $249 per year separately for registered agent service. For US founders who specifically need a registered agent (required by every state), this adds meaningful cost to the LegalZoom total. A LegalZoom LLC formation with registered agent runs approximately $499 first year ($249 Pro plan + $249 RA) versus Doola Starter at $297 first year. The pricing comparison favors Doola when registered agent service is included in the calculation.
7. International Founder Specialization
According to my complete Doola review, Doola’s entire product is built around non-US founder workflows. The platform’s onboarding, support team, dashboard UX, compliance alerts, and tax services are designed specifically for international entrepreneurs operating across time zones with limited US contacts.
LegalZoom serves US-based small businesses primarily. The platform handles international clients but treats non-US founder workflows as edge cases rather than the core use case. For non-US founders specifically, the difference in product design philosophy matters: Doola makes everything easier for international founders, while LegalZoom can technically work for international founders but does not optimize for the workflow.
Where LegalZoom Is Genuinely Better
LegalZoom is not the wrong choice for every operator. For specific profiles, it is the better fit and the broader legal platform genuinely justifies the spend:
If you are a US-based founder who needs broad legal services beyond LLC formation. LegalZoom delivers LLC formation plus trademark registration ($899), patent filing, copyright registration, business attorney consultation, contract review, estate planning, wills, and ongoing legal support under one platform. According to NerdWallet’s LegalZoom review, the integrated legal services across categories is the platform’s strongest value proposition.
If you specifically value 25+ year brand track record and public company stability. LegalZoom has been operating since 1999 and is a publicly traded company on NASDAQ with approximately $1.8 billion market cap. The company files quarterly financial reports, has SEC oversight, and has demonstrated longevity through multiple economic cycles. Doola is 5 years old (founded 2020) and is private. For founders who specifically prioritize vendor longevity, LegalZoom’s stability is meaningful.
If you need attorney consultation as part of your formation workflow. LegalZoom Premium ($299) and the Business Attorney plan include attorney consultation services that are not available through Doola. For founders who specifically value access to a US attorney for contract review, regulatory questions, or business legal advice, LegalZoom’s bundled attorney services are genuinely valuable.
If you specifically need trademark registration alongside LLC formation. LegalZoom’s trademark service costs $899 plus federal fees and includes attorney guidance through the trademark application process. According to NerdWallet analysis, the platform even provides predictions on how likely your trademark application is to be approved. Doola does not offer trademark services.
If you want one-time formation pricing rather than annual subscription. LegalZoom Basic at $0 plus state fees (or Pro at $249 one-time, Premium at $299 one-time) is a one-time formation cost. You then separately pay $249 per year for registered agent renewal. This pricing model fits founders who prefer paying once for formation rather than ongoing subscription. Doola’s annual subscription model means $297 per year forever.
If you specifically need estate planning, wills, or trust services. LegalZoom offers these as separate products ($99 to $249). Doola does not. For founders who want estate planning and business formation under the same vendor, LegalZoom’s broader catalog is genuinely valuable.
For these specific profiles, LegalZoom is the right choice. For non-US founders specifically, Doola is the better fit.
Detailed Pricing Comparison
| Cost Component | Doola Starter | LegalZoom Basic + Add-Ons |
|---|---|---|
| Year 1 Formation | $297 (all-in) | $0 Basic, but realistically $249 Pro (includes EIN + Operating Agreement) |
| Year 1 Registered Agent | Included | $249/year separately |
| Year 1 EIN | Included (fax-based for non-SSN founders) | Included in Pro tier, not Basic |
| Year 1 Operating Agreement | Included | Included in Pro/Premium, not Basic |
| Year 1 US Business Address | Included | Not included (would cost $99-$350 separately) |
| Year 1 Total (excluding state fees) | $297 | $498 ($249 Pro + $249 RA) |
| Year 2+ Annual Recurring | $297/year | $249/year (RA only) |
| 5-Year Total (excluding state fees) | $1,485 | $1,494 ($249 Pro + $249 RA x 5 years) |
| Form 5472 Filing | $1,999/year (Total Compliance) | Not offered (handle separately via CPA) |
| Trademark Registration | Not offered | $899 + federal fees |
| Attorney Consultation | Not offered | $299 Premium plan or Business Attorney plan |
The 5-year total cost comparison is genuinely close between Doola Starter and LegalZoom Pro plus registered agent: $1,485 versus $1,494. The pricing is essentially equivalent over multi-year ownership, but the bundled features differ meaningfully. Doola bundles US business address (worth $99-$350/year separately) and specialized non-SSN EIN process. LegalZoom bundles attorney consultation availability and access to broader legal services beyond formation.
For non-US founders, the Doola bundle delivers more value at equivalent cost because the bundled features (virtual US address, Mercury banking, fax-based EIN process) directly serve the international founder workflow. For US-based founders, the LegalZoom bundle delivers more value because attorney consultation, trademark services availability, and broader legal platform features serve the US small business workflow better.
Before you pick any LLC formation service, get the full framework for evaluating your business infrastructure the right way. Grab my free beginner guide → so you know which tools actually matter at your stage and which are nice-to-have.
Who Each Platform Is Built For
Doola Is The Right Choice If You:
Are a non-US resident without an SSN or ITIN who wants to form a US LLC or C-Corp for ecommerce, SaaS, consulting, or other online business operations.
Specifically need EIN registration without SSN handled by a specialized team (Doola runs the fax-based IRS process thousands of times per year).
Want Mercury banking introduction included in your formation package. Mercury is one of the few US banks that opens accounts for non-resident founders, and Doola’s partnership simplifies the introduction.
Need a US business address as part of your formation. Doola includes a real physical address with mail forwarding in the Starter plan.
Are a foreign owner of a single-member US LLC who needs Form 5472 filing handled (mandatory; $25,000 penalty for not filing). Doola Total Compliance at $1,999 per year is the only major US LLC formation service with Form 5472 as a bundled feature.
Value an all-in-one dashboard for managing formation, registered agent, virtual address, banking introduction, and compliance alerts in one platform rather than coordinating across 5+ separate vendors.
Want transparent published all-in pricing without LegalZoom’s $0-advertised-then-upsell model.
LegalZoom Is The Right Choice If You:
Are a US-based founder with an SSN and a US address who needs LLC formation plus access to broader legal services (trademark, patent, attorney consultation, estate planning) under one platform.
Specifically value 25+ year brand track record. LegalZoom has been operating since 1999 and is publicly traded on NASDAQ with approximately $1.8 billion market cap. Doola is 5 years old and private.
Need attorney consultation as part of your formation workflow. LegalZoom Premium and Business Attorney plans include attorney services. Doola does not offer attorney consultation.
Plan to register trademarks alongside your LLC formation. LegalZoom’s trademark service ($899 plus federal fees) is genuinely valuable for founders specifically needing brand protection. Doola does not offer trademark services.
Prefer one-time formation pricing rather than annual subscription. LegalZoom Pro at $249 one-time plus $249 per year registered agent is a different pricing model than Doola’s annual subscription.
Need estate planning, wills, or trust services alongside business formation. LegalZoom offers these as separate products. Doola does not.
Are scaling a US-based business that benefits from ongoing legal infrastructure across multiple categories (contracts, compliance, regulatory, legal disputes). LegalZoom’s broader platform serves this workflow better than Doola’s focused formation platform.
The Northwest Registered Agent Alternative For US Founders
The honest framing requires acknowledging that neither Doola nor LegalZoom is the optimal choice for US-based founders who specifically want only LLC formation with registered agent service. For this operator profile, Northwest Registered Agent is meaningfully cheaper than both Doola and LegalZoom over multi-year ownership.
Northwest charges $39 to $125 for the first year (depending on package) and $125 per year for registered agent renewal thereafter. The 5-year total cost is approximately $539, versus $1,485 for Doola Starter and $1,494 for LegalZoom Pro plus registered agent. Northwest saves approximately $946 to $955 over 5 years.
Northwest is the right choice if you are a US-based founder with SSN and US address who needs only LLC formation, registered agent service, and a la carte access to other services as needed. Northwest does not bundle attorney consultation, trademark services, virtual US address, Mercury banking introduction, or Form 5472 filing. If you specifically need one of these capabilities, Doola or LegalZoom may be the better fit. If you do not need them, Northwest delivers core LLC formation at substantially lower long-term cost.
For full comparison details on Northwest versus Doola, see my Northwest vs Doola 2026 breakdown. For the broader LLC formation alternatives landscape, my ZenBusiness alternatives in 2026 guide covers 8 different platforms with operator profile fit.
The Honest Verdict
For non-US founders without SSN or ITIN building US ecommerce, SaaS, or consulting operations, Doola is the right choice. The platform’s non-US founder specialization (fax-based EIN process, Mercury banking introduction, US business address, Form 5472 filing on Total Compliance) directly serves the international founder workflow. LegalZoom can technically work for non-US founders, but the platform is not optimized for this use case and does not bundle the specialized international features Doola provides.
For US-based founders who need LLC formation plus broader legal services (trademark, attorney consultation, estate planning, ongoing legal support), LegalZoom is the right choice. The platform’s 25+ year brand track record, public company stability, and integrated legal services across categories serve US small businesses better than Doola’s focused formation platform. The $0-advertised-then-upsell pricing flow is frustrating but the underlying product is genuinely valuable for the right operator profile.
For US-based founders who specifically want only LLC formation with registered agent service and nothing else, Northwest Registered Agent is meaningfully cheaper than both Doola and LegalZoom over multi-year ownership. The 5-year cost savings is approximately $946 to $955 versus either alternative.
The deeper truth applies here as it does to every tool decision: pick the platform that fits your actual operator profile rather than the platform with the most impressive marketing or brand recognition. Doola, LegalZoom, and Northwest each serve specific profiles where they genuinely fit better than the others. The right answer is different for each profile and choosing the wrong tool means paying for capability you do not use.
Non-US Founder? Doola Is The Specialist Pick
All-in-one US business formation at $297/year + state fees with EIN registration without SSN, Mercury banking introduction, virtual US address, and Form 5472 filing on Total Compliance. Purpose-built for international founders.
What To Pair With Your LLC Formation
The LLC is one piece of your broader ecommerce operation. Here is what I run alongside on most of my own stores.
For your ecommerce platform, Shopify is the foundation that handles order management, payment processing, and customer communication. Shopify Payments requires a US-registered entity, which is one of the reasons non-US founders form US LLCs through Doola.
For your theme, Turbo by Pixel Union is what I run on most of my own stores. Fast-loading themes with clean schema markup compound your conversion rates because Google rewards page speed and customers convert better on fast sites.
For email marketing, Omnisend handles the post-traffic side. Welcome sequences, cart abandonment flows, and post-purchase automation turn website visitors into repeat customers.
For bookkeeping, FreshBooks works for most ecommerce operators in their first few years. If you are on the Doola Total Compliance plan, bookkeeping is included in the subscription, so FreshBooks may be redundant.
For business phone, Phone.com delivers business VoIP starting at $11.99 monthly with SOC 2 plus HIPAA-ready compliance. For non-US founders using Doola, having a US business phone number through Phone.com makes the operation feel more legitimate to US customers.
For US-based founders, Northwest Registered Agent is my primary LLC formation recommendation because the pricing is meaningfully cheaper than both Doola and LegalZoom over multi-year ownership and US residents do not specifically need the bundled international features Doola provides or the broader legal platform LegalZoom provides.
For broader business infrastructure context, pair this with my complete guide to high-ticket dropshipping for the operational framework. For supplier relationships specifically, my complete guide to finding suppliers covers the upstream side. And for niche selection, my high-ticket niches list covers the categories where serious business infrastructure matters most.
The Bottom Line
Doola and LegalZoom target fundamentally different operator profiles in 2026. Doola is the focused non-US founder platform built specifically for international entrepreneurs needing US business formation without SSN, ITIN, or US address. LegalZoom is the established US legal services brand built around US small businesses needing LLC formation plus broader legal infrastructure including trademark, patent, attorney consultation, and estate planning services.
For 2026, my recommendation for non-US ecommerce founders is Doola. The platform’s specialization (fax-based EIN process for non-SSN founders, Mercury banking introduction, US business address, Form 5472 filing on Total Compliance) directly serves the international founder workflow that LegalZoom does not optimize for. The $297 Starter pricing is genuinely competitive when registered agent and virtual address services are included in the comparison.
For US-based founders who need broader legal services beyond formation, LegalZoom is the better fit. The 25+ year brand track record, public company stability, attorney consultation availability, trademark services, and estate planning under one platform serve US small businesses better than Doola’s focused formation platform.
For US-based founders who specifically want only LLC formation with registered agent service, Northwest Registered Agent is the cheaper alternative over multi-year ownership. The 5-year cost savings is approximately $946 to $955 versus either Doola or LegalZoom.
If you want me to build the whole Shopify operation for you on a proven niche with the right business infrastructure pre-configured, my done-for-you store build service handles it end-to-end. If you want one-on-one help working through your specific situation including LLC formation strategy and state selection, private coaching is the most direct path.
Ready To Start Your US Business From Anywhere?
Doola handles formation, EIN, registered agent, US business address, and Mercury banking introduction at $297/year + state fees. Total Compliance adds Form 5472 filing, BOI filing, and in-house CPA team at $1,999/year + state fees.
FAQ
Is Doola or LegalZoom better for non-US founders?
Doola is meaningfully better for non-US founders. Doola specializes in the fax-based IRS process for EIN registration without SSN, bundles Mercury banking introduction, includes a US business address, and files Form 5472 for foreign-owned LLCs on Total Compliance. LegalZoom can technically work for non-US founders but does not optimize for this workflow and does not bundle the specialized international features Doola provides. For the deep operator profile breakdown, see my complete Doola review.
Is LegalZoom really free for LLC formation?
Technically yes, but in practice no. According to community discussion on LegalZoom checkout, the platform advertises $0 Basic LLC formation but pushes users through multiple upsell pages that end up costing $249 (Pro) to $299 (Premium) for the package most operators actually need. The free Basic plan covers only Articles of Organization filing without EIN, Operating Agreement, or other essentials. The realistic LegalZoom cost for usable LLC formation is $249-$299 plus $249/year registered agent, totaling approximately $498-$548 first year.
Does LegalZoom handle EIN registration for non-US founders?
LegalZoom can file EIN applications, but the platform is not specialized for non-US founders without SSN. According to official IRS Foreign Entities documentation, non-US founders without SSN or ITIN must use the fax-based IRS process by writing “Foreign” or “N/A” on Form SS-4. Doola handles this specialized workflow thousands of times per year. LegalZoom does not market the non-SSN EIN process as a specialized capability, so the friction for international founders is meaningfully higher than with Doola.
How does Doola pricing compare to LegalZoom pricing?
The first-year pricing comparison favors Doola: Doola Starter at $297 all-in versus LegalZoom Pro at $249 plus $249 registered agent equals $498 first year. The 5-year total cost is essentially equivalent ($1,485 Doola vs $1,494 LegalZoom with RA), but the bundled features differ. Doola includes US business address (worth $99-$350/year separately) and specialized non-SSN EIN process. LegalZoom includes attorney consultation availability and broader legal platform access. For full pricing breakdown see my Doola Pricing 2026 deep-dive.
Which platform has the longer track record?
LegalZoom has been operating since 1999 (25+ years) and is a publicly traded company on NASDAQ with approximately $1.8 billion market cap. Doola was founded in 2020 (5 years). For founders who specifically value vendor longevity and public company financial transparency, LegalZoom’s track record is meaningfully longer. For founders who value modern SaaS UX and specialized non-US founder workflows, Doola’s purpose-built platform may be more important than track record. Both platforms work; the choice depends on which factors matter more for your specific operator profile.
Want a fully-built high-ticket dropshipping store with the right business infrastructure pre-configured? Skip months of setup and launch on a tested foundation. See the turnkey store build service →
Related Articles
If you found this useful, these guides go deeper on related topics:
- Doola Review 2026
- Doola Pricing 2026
- Northwest Registered Agent vs Doola 2026
- ZenBusiness vs Doola 2026
- 8 Best ZenBusiness Alternatives in 2026
- Complete Business Formation Checklist
- High-Ticket Niches List 2026
- Complete Guide to High-Ticket Dropshipping
- Complete Guide to Finding Suppliers

Trevor Fenner is an ecommerce entrepreneur and the founder of Ecommerce Paradise, a platform focused on helping entrepreneurs build and scale profitable high-ticket ecommerce and dropshipping businesses. With over a decade of hands-on experience, Trevor specializes in high-ticket dropshipping strategy, niche and product selection, supplier recruiting and onboarding, Google & Bing Shopping ads, ecommerce SEO, and systems-driven automation and scaling. Through Ecommerce Paradise, he provides free education via in-depth guides like How to Start High-Ticket Dropshipping, advanced training through the High-Ticket Dropshipping Masterclass, and fully done-for-you turnkey ecommerce services for entrepreneurs who want a faster, more hands-off path to growth. Trevor is known for emphasizing sustainable, real-world ecommerce models over hype-driven tactics, helping store owners build scalable, sellable, and location-independent brands.
